The Netherlands is a low-lying country situated in the delta of the rivers Rhine, IJssel and Meuse, with around 24% of the land below sea level. The land surface covers 33,718 km2, of which 54% is used as agricultural land. While the use of land for agricultural is decreasing, land use for settlements and infrastructure is increasing. The Netherlands is a densely populated country. In 2017, the population amounted to 17.1 million people. The GDP (PPP) of Netherlands is estimated at $898.6 billion with services contributing to over 70%. GDP per capita (PPP) is approximately $52,800. The 30-year annual average temperature in the center of the country is 10°C. An increase of around one degree has been measured in the Netherlands over the last 100 years, with the three warmest summers of the last 300 years in 2006, 2007 and 2014.The climate in the Netherlands is expected to undergo significant changes over the coming decades. The most pressing consequences are increasing heat stress, increasing flood risks due to both more extreme river discharge and sea level rise, more frequent failure of vital infrastructure like electricity and IT, more frequent damage to crops or production resources, increased health burden and productivity loss, and changes in biodiversity. The Netherlands submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) as an EU Member State in 2015 and its Seventh National Communication in 2018.