Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is a lower middle-income country in the Western Balkans in Central Europe. The country has a total surface area of 51,209 km² and shares boarders with Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro, and has a boarder on the Adriatic Sea. Its location on the Balkan Peninsula places it within the Adriatic basin and Black sea basin. The country’s topography is largely hilly to mountainous with an average altitude of 500 m and a maximum altitude of 2,400 m. Of the country’s total land area, approximately 5% is lowlands, 24% hills, 42% mountains, and 29% karst regions. BiH also has a large network of transboundary rivers and tributaries. Total population of BiH is 3.5 million (2017) and is currently declining at -0.3% annual (2017). BiH has experienced steady population growth rate decline since the mid 2000s. BiH has a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $18.17 billion (2017), growing at a rate of 3.0% in 2017; the economy is dominated by industry, agriculture and exports. As of 2016, the unemployment rate for the country fell slightly to 25.4%.

BiH is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and has identified agriculture, hydrology and water resources, energy, transportation, health, forests and biodiversity, and tourism as highly vulnerable sectors to climate change. BiH submitted its Third National Communication (NC3) in 2016. Adaptation plans in Bosnia and Herzegovina center on coping with drought and flooding. Measures under consideration include modifications in crop rotation, the application of new technologies to improve soil structure, the installation of windbreaks and the establishment of a drought early warning system.